Межвузовская научно-практическая интернет-конференция по юридической психологии - 2019 > Пенитенциарная психология и практика исполнения уголовных наказаний
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Авагян С.К.:
ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛИЧНОСТИ НЕСОВЕРШЕННОЛЕТНИХ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ С РАЗЛИЧНЫМИ ТИПАМИ АКЦЕНТУАЦИЙ ХАРАКТЕРА
Авагян С.К.
Московский государственный психолого-педагогический университет
(г. Москва)
Научный руководитель – Дебольский М.Г.
Черты характера индивида как правило проявляются в различной степени. При наличии у человека чрезмерно усиленных черт, возникает акцентуация характера. Акцентуация характера в целом очень влияет на развитие личности и при неблагоприятных условиях, нарушает адаптацию индивида к социальной среде.
Как отмечают специалисты (К. Бартол, Е.В. Ермасов, В.Ф. Пирожков, С.Б. Пономарев, М.Е. Сандамирский, А.М. Чириков, В.И. Петров), несовершеннолетние осужденные, отбывающие наказание в ВК, зачастую находятся в состоянии пенитенциарного стресса. Такой стресс возникает у осужденных из-за ограничения свободы и личного пространства; изменения социального статуса; жесткой регламентации жизнедеятельности. В таких случаях, важна диагностика акцентуаций характера, которые под воздействием психотравмирующих факторов могут переходить в патологическое состояние.
Сотрудникам ВК необходимо знать индивидуальные особенности характера несовершеннолетних осужденных и типичные формы их реагирования в условиях лишения свободы, для того чтобы прогнозировать варианты их поведения и выбирать правильные формы воздействия на них с целью воспитания и ресоциализации.
Целью проведенного нами исследования являлось выявление степени распространенности различных типов акцентуаций характера несовершеннолетних осужденных и их взаимосвязь с видом совершенного преступления, с помощью применения таких эмпирических методик диагностики как анкетирование, тест Леонгарда-Шмишека «Методика изучения акцентуации характера» и тест МПДО (по Личко).
Группу испытуемых составили несовершеннолетние осужденные – воспитанники одной из ВК ФСИН Центрального Федерального округа (N=30). Из них 15 лет – один человек, 16 лет – восемь человек, 17 лет - семнадцать человек, 18 лет – четыре человека). По характеру совершенного преступления: осужденные за насильственные преступления (ст.105, ст.131, ст.132 УК РФ) составили 30%; и за корыстные преступления (ст.158, ст.161, ст.163, ст.228 УК РФ) – 70%.
В результате анализа полученных данных по тесту К. Леонгарда – Н. Шмишека «Методика изучения акцентуации характера» (К. Леонгард, 1989) мы выяснили, что у 43% обследованных несовершеннолетних осужденных имеются акцентуации характера. Рассмотрим наиболее распространенные акцентуации характера.
Эмотивный тип (у 13% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Несовершеннолетние осужденные склонны концентрироваться на пережитом, чувствительны к замечаниям, неудачам, вследствие чего чаще находятся в печальном настроении.
Циклотимный тип (у 13% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Высокие показатели по этому типу свидетельствуют о ярких и частых сменах двух фаз (подъема и упадка внутренних сил) у несовершеннолетних осужденных.
Дистимический тип (у 7% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Высокие показатели по этому типу свидетельствуют о пониженном настроении, сосредоточенности на плохих сторонах жизни и заторможенности нервных процессов у несовершеннолетних осужденных.
Педантичный тип (у 3% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Высокие показатели по этому типу свидетельствуют о негибкости мышления у несовершеннолетних осужденных. Негибкость мышления оказывает деструктивное влияние на их совместную деятельность с окружающими.
Демонстративный тип (у 3% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Высокие показатели по этому типу свидетельствуют о стремлении несовершеннолетних осужденных постоянно быть на виду и привлечь к себе внимание.
Экзальтированный тип (у 3% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Несовершеннолетние осужденные склонны проявлять эмоциональные крайности. На некоторые события и поступки окружающих они способны реагировать излишне открыто.
В результате анализа полученных данных по тесту МПДО (по Личко, 2019) выявлено, что 67% обследованных несовершеннолетних осужденных отвечали искренне, из них у 27% присутствует акцентуация характера. Преобладающими акцентуациям у них являются:
Гипертимный тип (у 13% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Несовершеннолетним осужденным с данным типом акцентуации легко переносить условия отбывания наказания. Но у них отсутствует самокритичность, вследствие чего иногда могут терять грань дозволенного, не реагировать на замечания и игнорировать наказания.
Астено-невротический тип (у 7% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Накопившееся раздражение по любому поводу могут излить на других людей, которые просто оказались рядом, и столь же легко могут раскаиваться. Они требуют к себе терпения и искреннего сочувствия.
Неустойчивый тип (у 7% несовершеннолетних осужденных). Несовершеннолетние осужденные данного типа слабовольные, быстро подающиеся влиянию других людей. За ними нужно осуществлять постоянное наблюдение.
Наиболее часто у опрошенных нами несовершеннолетних осужденных встречаются следующие типы акцентуации характера: по тесту К. Леонгарда – Н. Шмишека «Методика изучения акцентуации характера» является эмотивный тип, а по тесту МПДО (по Личко) – гипертимный тип. Из чего следует, что большинство несовершеннолетних осужденных с акцентуациями либо чрезмерно чувствительные, склонные концентрироваться на пережитом, глубоко переживают малейшие неприятности, чувствительны к замечаниям, неудачам, вследствие чего чаще находятся в печальном настроении либо жизнерадостные, общительные и легко переносящие условия отбывания наказания, но из-за отсутствия самокритичности, склоны игнорировать меры дисциплинарного воздействия, не анализировать причины совершенного преступления.
Наиболее редко у опрошенных нами несовершеннолетних осужденных встречаются следующие типы акцентуации характера: по тесту К. Леонгарда – Н. Шмишека «Методика изучения акцентуации характера» – педантичный, демонстративный, экзальтирпованный, а по тесту МПДО (по Личко) – неустойчивый тип. Из чего следует, что меньшинство несовершеннолетних осужденных с акцентуациями характера: с негибким мышлением, которое оказывает деструктивное влияние на совместную деятельность с окружающими; эгоистичные, стремящиеся к лидерству, склонные к фантазерству и авантюризму; с ярко выраженные эмоциями, с изменчивым настроением (легко приходящие в восторг от положительных событий и в отчаяние – от грустных); истеричные, обидчивые, быстро подающиеся влиянию других людей.
Для анализа статистических различий между корыстными и насильственными преступлениями нами был использован U – критерий Манна-Уитни. С помощью U – критерий Манна-Уитни нами было выявлено, что у несовершеннолетних осужденных за корыстные преступления проявляются следующие особенности характера истеричность, обидчивость, слабоволие, частые смены настроения.
Таким образом, наиболее часто встречаются несовершеннолетние осужденные со следующими акцентуациями характера: гипертимный, астено-невротический, эпилептоидный, неустойчивый. Для несовершеннолетних осужденных за корыстные, преступления характерным является демонстративный тип акцентуации характера. А у осужденных за насильственные преступления преобладают следующие акцентуации: гипертимный, астено-невротический. Однако, по распространенности большинства типов акцентуаций у осужденных за насильственные и корыстные преступления статистически значимых различий не выявлено.
Литература
1. Акцентуированные личности: Пер с нем. / Карл Леонгард; Предисл. и ред. В.М. Блейхера.– 2-е изд. стер.– Киев: Головное изд-во, 1989. – 375 с.
2. Акцентуации характера и использование опросника Г. Шмишека // Методические рекомендации для практических психологов [Текст]. Составила В.Г. Сахарова. – Владивосток, 1998. – 32с.
3. Дебольский М.Г., Мельникова Д.В. Пенитенциарный стресс и особенности его проявления у осужденных, подозреваемых, обвиняемых [Электронные ресурс] / / Психология и право. 2015. №2. с.105-116. -URL:http;//psyandlaw.ru/journal/2015/n2/Melnikova_Debolskiy.phtml(дата обращения: 07.03.2019).
4. Личко А.Е. Психопатии и акцентуации характера у подростков. – СПб.: Питер, 2019. – 304 с.
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